By:
Ridha Esty Argarini (09301241008)
Pendidikan Matematika Subsidi 2009
A. Introduction
Students are the central of teaching learning process, this is the main idea of the newest curriculum have been applied in Indonesia, called base-school competence curriculum. This curriculum provide the teacher and the education expert a range to develop teaching learning process including teaching learning process of mathematics. It also means that the teacher have an autonomy to choose which one of methods that is appropriate with the content and the topic of study, and also an autonomy to develop the method through the using of combination from some methods or maybe by finding a new method of teaching.
Based on the base-school competence curriculum, the method of teaching should be developed is the method which could overcome and explore student ability and also encourage the student to work and to learn in order to construct a knowledge by their self. There are many way to the teacher to develop teaching learning process which is content of method that could encourage student to construct their knowledge by their self such as by arrange lesson plan, preparing student work sheet, applied small group discussion at the class, the using of various interaction, the using of various teaching method, doing student reflection, the understanding of cognitive scheme, giving a chance for student to conclude by their self, doing apperception, and the last is the using of various media and aids. These all thing should support the student to learn and construct their knowledge by their self.
B. Developing Teaching Learning Process of Mathematics in Junior High and Senior High School
Nowadays, the education experts from several country in this world have been developing kind of different education method. This is the way to change the paradigm of teaching method from traditional into modern. The changing is not only on the aspect of teaching method but also on the teaching preparation strategy, the method of evaluation and some kinds of aspects that also needs an attention which is take a share on the process of teaching learning of mathematics in junior high school and senior high school.
To develop the modern style of teaching learning process of mathematics which is stressed the point of view that the student is the center of the teaching learning process there are some kinds of things that should be developed such lesson plan, student’s worksheet, small group discussion, various interaction, various teaching method, student reflections or presentation, cognitive scheme, students conclusion, apperception, assessment, various media and various teaching aids. These all things would be broke down by this explanation:
1. Lesson Plan
Lesson plan is the plan of teaching learning process which is arrange by the teacher and it was used as a manual of the activity of teaching learning in order to achieve a certain competence which is also called as teacher preparation. As a standard there are some parts of lesson plan such: identity, standard of competence, basic competence, purpose, indicator, the method that want to be used and the source. In this modern teaching learning era, the teacher has an opportunity to develop or to use some of various teaching method.
This is the example of lesson plan, in the identity part the teacher need to write the identity of their class such the name of school , class, semester , standard competence is the competence that the student must achieved, basic competence is the break down of standard competence, the purpose is contain the benefit of learning process for the student, indicator is contain of when was the student can be categorize have been achieve the basic competence and the last the method is what kind of method or combination method that the teacher want to use.
To produce good quality of lesson plan which is could give a chance to the student to construct the knowledge by their self, the teacher need to develop their creativity because it need a learning condition that contain of various activity, method, media, interaction, and also aid in order to make student enjoy so that they can feel comfort to express their own idea. So in this section the teacher should work harder.
2. Student’s Work Sheet
Student’s work sheet is the sheet which was the student write down their construction of knowledge to solve the problem that was gave by the teacher. Work sheet not only as the area which is the student work but also contain of some kind of question, direction or statement which is could be a guide or a hint to stimulate the student to construct their own knowledge to solve the problem. This is include the role of the teacher to produce kind of creative and good work sheet for the student so it can help the student to find the new information through doing the direction or by giving a response from the stimulate on the work sheet.
At the last time, when the student have been finished their lesson at one semesters or at the middle test of semesters it could be one of a source for the student to learn.
3. Small Group Discussion
Small group discussion is when the teacher divides all of student at that class into group that consists of four or five student. In the small group the students discuss each other and also identify the problem, and then the teacher offers some kind of helps. So the teacher should understand what the student need. By working on the group the student get an opportunity to take an initiative, to deepen understanding about the content and to determine which one of the methods that they think it was easier. In this small group discussion all of students maybe use the informal strategy to solve the problem, but it is ok, the teacher just need to help the student by giving a clue if the student get an obstacle when they was working to solve the problem by their self understanding.
There are a lot of benefits to the student when they solve a problem by working on small group discussion. Because all of student at the class are absolutely different each other, maybe there are student who was difficult to learn or to solve a problem individually, but when they solve the problem by working at small group discussion they can share and complete their idea each other.
4. Various interaction
On the process of good teaching learning at least there are three kinds of interactions such interaction between teacher to all student at the class for example is when the teacher doing whole class explanation, so the teacher explain the subject or direction to all of students, second is the interaction between the teacher to the student individually, for example is when the teacher offer a chance to the student to ask s question to the teacher and the last is interaction between students each other for example is when the student doing discussion on their small group. This various interaction is very important to reduce the domination of the teacher at the class because the center of learning is student.
By applied this various interaction at the process of teaching learning the teacher could produce a various activity, so it can provide many kind of way to the student to ask or to doing interaction as comfort as they want in order to construct their knowledge by their self.
5. Various teaching method
First of all we should realize that there are differences between traditional method of teaching and the modern one. On the traditional method usually the teacher only use exactly one kind if teaching method that is exposition, so in the process of learning there is only transfer information from the teacher to the student. But modern method is different, the teacher need to use various method that is appropriate with the context of learning, so the teacher should develop kind of method which is can give an opportunity to the student to explore their skill including their ability.
School-base competence curriculum provides an opportunity to the teacher to develop their own method of teaching learning. It is also give autonomy to the teacher to use their own method in the process of teaching learning.
There are many kinds of modern teaching learning method such problem solving method, invention method, the problem-base learning method. These kinds of modern learning method could categorized as a constructivism model of learning which is should give an opportunity to the student to construct the knowledge by their self and it’s mean that the center of teaching learning process are students.
The contextual model of learning maybe have been applied at the past time of teaching learning process at the school, but there are misunderstanding about the placing of the problem which is appropriate with the daily mathematics. Usually this problem was found at the last part of capture. Properly the problem that appropriate with the context of the learning subject was placed at the beginning of the capture so before the student understand a new knowledge or get new information about the formal strategy to solve the problem they can explore first their own idea to solve the problem even it haven’t good structure, and it called as informal strategy.
6. Student reflection/presentation
Student reflection is when the student tries to uncover again about their knowledge after learning a subject. For example after work on group the student need to present their result of discussion in front of class. The student would to explain about the informal strategy that was used by the student and also explain about the reason for every step they did on it strategy. By doing this reflection the student can actively uncover their own knowledge construction to other, it’s also exercise the student to develop their self confidence.
Student’s reflection is very important because through reflection the student could understand the reason for every step that they have done to solve the problem, it also could make the student understand that there are many kind of way to solve a problem, and it’s not only exactly one right way. Base on this mind set the student would not afraid to show up and to try their idea to solve a problem, event maybe it’s possible to the student to found an obstacle at the middle of way when they tries to solve it. At this moment the teacher have an assignment to help the student by giving a clue for the student so that the student could solve the obstacle.
7. Cognitive scheme
Cognitive scheme is the teaching content, so the teacher needs to arrange a method that can construct a student cognitive structure to be intact and correct. But the teacher also should remember that the student also needs to build their own knowledge it’s mean that the teacher role is as a guide for the student. For example the teacher produces a handout as a one of sources for the student to learn.
Cognitive scheme is also about student cognitive structure, so when they understand the information and explanation about something, and then they found new thing which is maybe have a little difference with a past things they understood, they will judge or guest it as the same things even it actually different. It’s also about the structure of teaching, so the teacher should pay attention about the structure of the learning content, such if the student want to learn about an integral concept they should understand and learn the concept about differential at the first.
8. Student’s Conclusion
Student’s conclusion is when a student concludes the main important things that they got after finishing a learning process. So student’s conclusion is doing by the student not the teacher. For example after working on group and present their result in front of class, then the teacher explain and giving comment for each group, the teacher should give a opportunity and freedom for the student to conclude which one of the method that is easier and simpler for them.
Conclusion is also a time for the teacher to show and explain a formal strategy to solve the problem, not only explains about the strategy but also about the reason for every step. The teacher also should explain the relation of the concept between informal solving that was done by the student and the formal solving which is also as new information for the student. But finally it depend on the student, they will conclude the new concept by their self and it is means that they was constructed a new knowledge by their self.
9. Apperception
Apperception is the explanations before the lesson begin, for example the teacher giving some kind of questions about the student knowledge which is appropriate with the subject that want to learn. Apperception is very important as it uncover the readiness of the student to learn. It is not enough for the teacher to only use lecture method for apperception, the teacher need to distribute small problem to all of student to stimulate their mind to remind their past knowledge. Apperception is not always similar as an activity to remind the student about their past knowledge but also stimulate the student on order to bring the mind of the student to understand about what will they learn and what will they got after finishing the learning process.
10. Assessment
Assessment is the record of the lesson, it’s about student achievement. Assessment is doing evaluation of the lesson from the lesson was begin until the end. By assessment the teacher can uncover the student’s understanding. So it’s not only about final examination because to uncover student understanding the teacher also need to pay attention at the process when the student was constructing their own knowledge.
At the school-base competence curriculum at least there are three different kind of aspect that should be evaluated by the teacher. These three different aspects are cognitive, affective and psychomotor ability. These three aspects is really different and the implication of this differences is the teacher should use a different method and ways to doing an assessment base on the kinds of aspect that would be evaluated. Such as if the teacher would to evaluate the ability of the student that including on the cognitive aspect for example the teacher could use a final examination as a method to collect the data of the student test result and then by their result the teacher could evaluate the understanding of the student about a topic of study. When the teacher would to evaluate the ability of the student which is including on the affective aspect the teacher could use kind of questioner to overcome and to evaluate such the motivation of the student, the willing of the student to learn, the interesting of the student about a subject of study and something like that. The last when the teacher would to evaluate the ability of the student which is including on the psychomotor aspect the teacher could giving a project to the student such when the standard competence is about geometry space, the teacher could give a project to the student to make a model of cube, cone or prism from mica or carton and doing evaluation base on the product of student project.
11. Various Media
Various media is the kind of media that the teacher can be used at the process of teaching learning. For example the teacher using the combination of blackboard and sheet, in the other opportunity maybe the teacher can use technology as the media of teaching. By using various media at the teaching learning process it can produce various contexts and atmosphere of lesson so it can attract any interest of the student to learn.
12. Various teaching aids
Various teaching aids are the kind of aids that the teacher can be use at the process of teaching learning. It can be a bridge between abstract mathematics to the real model of mathematics, it is important to in deep student’s understanding. It also can provide variety of activities, so the student not only needs to write and calculate to solve mathematics problem but also using the various aids.
C. Conclusion
The new curriculum that was applied by Indonesian government called school-base curriculum demanded the teacher to always develop their learning method that was applied on the teaching learning process. But there are some aspect which is the teacher should understand in order to develop an appropriate teaching learning process such lesson plan, student’s worksheet, small group discussion, various interaction, various teaching method, student reflection, cognitive scheme, student conclusion, apperception, assessment, various media and various teaching aids. By follow these aspect the teacher could develop the method of teaching learning especially for mathematics which is appropriate with the content of the school-base competence curriculum. It also can guide the teacher onto the application of contextual teaching learning and the method of learning which is student as the center of teaching learning process.
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